Review the Diagram of the Animal Cell Given Below and Answer the Following Questions Brainly
Chapter 3: Introduction to Cell Structure and Role
iii.3 Eukaryotic Cells
By the end of this department, you will be able to:
- Describe the structure of eukaryotic plant and animate being cells
- Country the role of the plasma membrane
- Summarize the functions of the major cell organelles
- Describe the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Watch a video virtually oxygen in the atmosphere.
At this point, it should be articulate that eukaryotic cells accept a more complex structure than practise prokaryotic cells. Organelles permit for diverse functions to occur in the cell at the aforementioned time. Earlier discussing the functions of organelles within a eukaryotic cell, allow us first examine two of import components of the cell: the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm.
What structures does a plant cell have that an animate being cell does not accept? What structures does an brute jail cell have that a plant prison cell does not accept? Plant cells have plasmodesmata, a cell wall, a large key vacuole, chloroplasts, and plastids. Animate being cells have lysosomes and centrosomes.
The Plasma Membrane
Like prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane (Figure 3.9) made upward of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding surround. A phospholipid is a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acrid bondage, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal conditions, while actively bringing in or removing others. Other compounds motion passively beyond the membrane.
The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli (singular = microvillus). This folding increases the expanse of the plasma membrane. Such cells are typically institute lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food. This is an excellent example of class matching the part of a structure.
People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The immune response damages microvilli, and thus, affected individuals cannot absorb nutrients. This leads to malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea. Patients suffering from celiac disease must follow a gluten-costless diet.
The Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a construction to exist discussed shortly). It is made upward of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals. Fifty-fifty though the cytoplasm consists of 70 to lxxx percent water, information technology has a semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it. However, proteins are non the but organic molecules constitute in the cytoplasm. Glucose and other unproblematic sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, and derivatives of glycerol are found there too. Ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and many other elements are as well dissolved in the cytoplasm. Many metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis, take place in the cytoplasm.
The Cytoskeleton
If you were to remove all the organelles from a prison cell, would the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm be the only components left? No. Within the cytoplasm, there would even so be ions and organic molecules, plus a network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the shape of the jail cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to motility within the jail cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently. Collectively, this network of protein fibers is known as the cytoskeleton. In that location are three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, as well known as actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Figure three.10).
Microfilaments are the thinnest of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components, for instance, during cell division. They also maintain the construction of microvilli, the all-encompassing folding of the plasma membrane found in cells dedicated to absorption. These components are also common in muscle cells and are responsible for musculus prison cell contraction. Intermediate filaments are of intermediate diameter and take structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the jail cell and anchoring organelles. Keratin, the compound that strengthens hair and nails, forms one type of intermediate filament. Microtubules are the thickest of the cytoskeletal fibers. These are hollow tubes that tin dissolve and reform speedily. Microtubules guide organelle movement and are the structures that pull chromosomes to their poles during cell partition. They are also the structural components of flagella and cilia. In cilia and flagella, the microtubules are organized every bit a circle of nine double microtubules on the outside and two microtubules in the eye.
The centrosome is a region well-nigh the nucleus of beast cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center. It contains a pair of centrioles, two structures that lie perpendicular to each other. Each centriole is a cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules.
The centrosome replicates itself before a cell divides, and the centrioles play a part in pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing jail cell. However, the exact function of the centrioles in cell division is not clear, since cells that have the centrioles removed can nonetheless divide, and constitute cells, which lack centrioles, are capable of cell division.
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella (singular = flagellum) are long, hair-similar structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to motility an entire jail cell, (for instance, sperm, Euglena). When present, the jail cell has just i flagellum or a few flagella. When cilia (atypical = cilium) are present, however, they are many in number and extend along the unabridged surface of the plasma membrane. They are short, pilus-like structures that are used to move unabridged cells (such as paramecium) or motility substances forth the outer surface of the prison cell (for example, the cilia of cells lining the fallopian tubes that move the ovum toward the uterus, or cilia lining the cells of the respiratory tract that move particulate thing toward the throat that mucus has trapped).
The Endomembrane Organisation
The endomembrane system (endo = within) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to alter, package, and transport lipids and proteins. Information technology includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, which we volition cover soon. Although not technically within the cell, the plasma membrane is included in the endomembrane organisation because, every bit you will see, it interacts with the other endomembranous organelles.
The Nucleus
Typically, the nucleus is the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus (plural = nuclei) houses the cell's DNA in the course of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins. Let the states wait at it in more detail (Effigy 3.11).
The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus (Figure 3.11). Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers.
The nuclear envelope is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
To understand chromatin, it is helpful to first consider chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that are made up of DNA, the hereditary material, and proteins. This combination of DNA and proteins is called chromatin. In eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear structures. Every species has a specific number of chromosomes in the nucleus of its body cells. For example, in humans, the chromosome number is 46, whereas in fruit flies, the chromosome number is viii.
Chromosomes are only visible and distinguishable from 1 another when the prison cell is getting ready to divide. When the cell is in the growth and maintenance phases of its life cycle, the chromosomes resemble an unwound, jumbled bunch of threads.
Nosotros already know that the nucleus directs the synthesis of ribosomes, but how does it do this? Some chromosomes take sections of DNA that encode ribosomal RNA. A darkly stained expanse within the nucleus, chosen the nucleolus (plural = nucleoli), aggregates the ribosomal RNA with associated proteins to gather the ribosomal subunits that are so transported through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a serial of interconnected bleary tubules that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids. Still, these two functions are performed in split areas of the endoplasmic reticulum: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, respectively.
The hollow portion of the ER tubules is chosen the lumen or cisternal space. The membrane of the ER, which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named considering the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface requite it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.
The ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in the transfer of their newly synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or addition of sugars. The RER also makes phospholipids for cell membranes.
If the phospholipids or modified proteins are not destined to stay in the RER, they will exist packaged within vesicles and transported from the RER by budding from the membrane. Since the RER is engaged in modifying proteins that will be secreted from the prison cell, it is abundant in cells that secrete proteins, such as the liver.
The polish endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. The SER's functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.
The Golgi Apparatus
Nosotros have already mentioned that vesicles tin can bud from the ER, but where do the vesicles go? Before reaching their final destination, the lipids or proteins within the transport vesicles need to exist sorted, packaged, and tagged so that they wind upwards in the right place. The sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place in the Golgi apparatus (also chosen the Golgi torso), a series of flattened bleary sacs.
The Golgi apparatus has a receiving face near the endoplasmic reticulum and a releasing confront on the side away from the ER, toward the cell membrane. The transport vesicles that grade from the ER travel to the receiving face, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen of the Golgi appliance. As the proteins and lipids travel through the Golgi, they undergo further modifications. The most frequent modification is the addition of curt chains of sugar molecules. The newly modified proteins and lipids are then tagged with small molecular groups to enable them to be routed to their proper destinations.
Finally, the modified and tagged proteins are packaged into vesicles that bud from the opposite confront of the Golgi. While some of these vesicles, send vesicles, deposit their contents into other parts of the prison cell where they will exist used, others, secretory vesicles, fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents exterior the jail cell.
The amount of Golgi in different prison cell types again illustrates that course follows function within cells. Cells that engage in a great bargain of secretory activity (such as cells of the salivary glands that secrete digestive enzymes or cells of the allowed system that secrete antibodies) accept an arable number of Golgi.
In plant cells, the Golgi has an additional role of synthesizing polysaccharides, some of which are incorporated into the prison cell wall and some of which are used in other parts of the cell.
Lysosomes
In animal cells, the lysosomes are the cell's "garbage disposal." Digestive enzymes within the lysosomes help the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles. In unmarried-celled eukaryotes, lysosomes are of import for digestion of the food they ingest and the recycling of organelles. These enzymes are active at a much lower pH (more than acidic) than those located in the cytoplasm. Many reactions that have place in the cytoplasm could not occur at a depression pH, thus the reward of compartmentalizing the eukaryotic prison cell into organelles is apparent.
Lysosomes likewise use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy disease-causing organisms that might enter the cell. A good instance of this occurs in a group of white claret cells called macrophages, which are part of your body's immune arrangement. In a process known as phagocytosis, a section of the plasma membrane of the macrophage invaginates (folds in) and engulfs a pathogen. The invaginated section, with the pathogen inside, then pinches itself off from the plasma membrane and becomes a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with a lysosome. The lysosome's hydrolytic enzymes then destroy the pathogen (Figure 3.fifteen).
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport. Vacuoles are somewhat larger than vesicles, and the membrane of a vacuole does non fuse with the membranes of other cellular components. Vesicles can fuse with other membranes within the cell system. Additionally, enzymes within plant vacuoles can pause down macromolecules.
Why does the cis confront of the Golgi not face the plasma membrane?
<!– Considering that confront receives chemicals from the ER, which is toward the center of the prison cell. –>
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for poly peptide synthesis. When viewed through an electron microscope, free ribosomes announced as either clusters or single tiny dots floating freely in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes may be attached to either the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Electron microscopy has shown that ribosomes consist of large and small subunits. Ribosomes are enzyme complexes that are responsible for protein synthesis.
Because protein synthesis is essential for all cells, ribosomes are found in practically every cell, although they are smaller in prokaryotic cells. They are specially arable in immature red claret cells for the synthesis of hemoglobin, which functions in the transport of oxygen throughout the body.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) are frequently called the "powerhouses" or "energy factories" of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's master energy-carrying molecule. The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known equally cellular respiration. Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles (Figure iii.17) that have their ain ribosomes and Deoxyribonucleic acid. Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The inner layer has folds called cristae, which increment the surface area of the inner membrane. The surface area surrounded past the folds is chosen the mitochondrial matrix. The cristae and the matrix have different roles in cellular respiration.
In keeping with our theme of form following function, it is of import to betoken out that muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria because muscle cells need a lot of free energy to contract.
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are minor, round organelles enclosed by single membranes. They deport out oxidation reactions that break downwards fatty acids and amino acids. They also detoxify many poisons that may enter the body. Alcohol is detoxified by peroxisomes in liver cells. A byproduct of these oxidation reactions is hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, which is contained within the peroxisomes to forbid the chemical from causing damage to cellular components exterior of the organelle. Hydrogen peroxide is safely cleaved downward by peroxisomal enzymes into water and oxygen.
Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
Despite their key similarities, at that place are some striking differences between animal and constitute cells (see Table 3.1). Animal cells accept centrioles, centrosomes (discussed under the cytoskeleton), and lysosomes, whereas found cells practice non. Plant cells have a jail cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
The Cell Wall
In Figure three.8b, the diagram of a establish cell, yous see a structure external to the plasma membrane called the cell wall. The jail cell wall is a rigid roofing that protects the cell, provides structural back up, and gives shape to the cell. Fungal and protist cells likewise have cell walls.
While the chief component of prokaryotic cell walls is peptidoglycan, the major organic molecule in the plant cell wall is cellulose, a polysaccharide made up of long, straight chains of glucose units. When nutritional data refers to dietary fiber, information technology is referring to the cellulose content of food.
Chloroplasts
Similar mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts function in photosynthesis and can exist plant in eukaryotic cells such equally plants and algae. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, water, and low-cal energy are used to brand glucose and oxygen. This is the major deviation between plants and animals: Plants (autotrophs) are able to make their own nutrient, similar glucose, whereas animals (heterotrophs) must rely on other organisms for their organic compounds or food source.
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts take outer and inner membranes, only within the infinite enclosed by a chloroplast'south inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked, fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids (Figure 3.xviii). Each stack of thylakoids is chosen a granum (plural = grana). The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane and surrounding the grana is chosen the stroma.
The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which captures the free energy of sunlight for photosynthesis. Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also accept chloroplasts. Some bacteria as well perform photosynthesis, but they do not have chloroplasts. Their photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane within the cell itself.
Evolution in Activity
Endosymbiosis: We accept mentioned that both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain Dna and ribosomes. Accept you wondered why? Strong evidence points to endosymbiosis as the explanation.
Symbiosis is a relationship in which organisms from two separate species alive in close association and typically showroom specific adaptations to each other. Endosymbiosis (endo-= within) is a relationship in which one organism lives within the other. Endosymbiotic relationships grow in nature. Microbes that produce vitamin K alive inside the human gut. This relationship is beneficial for the states because we are unable to synthesize vitamin Yard. It is also beneficial for the microbes considering they are protected from other organisms and are provided a stable habitat and abundant nutrient past living within the large intestine.
Scientists have long noticed that bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts are similar in size. We also know that mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and ribosomes, just equally bacteria do and they resemble the types found in bacteria. Scientists believe that host cells and bacteria formed a mutually beneficial endosymbiotic relationship when the host cells ingested aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria but did not destroy them. Through evolution, these ingested bacteria became more than specialized in their functions, with the aerobic bacteria becoming mitochondria and the photosynthetic bacteria becoming chloroplasts.
The Central Vacuole
Previously, we mentioned vacuoles as essential components of plant cells. If y'all wait at Figure 3.eightb, y'all volition run across that plant cells each take a large, cardinal vacuole that occupies most of the cell. The primal vacuole plays a fundamental role in regulating the cell's concentration of water in changing environmental weather. In institute cells, the liquid within the central vacuole provides turgor pressure level, which is the outward force per unit area caused past the fluid inside the cell. Have you ever noticed that if yous forget to water a plant for a few days, information technology wilts? That is considering as the h2o concentration in the soil becomes lower than the water concentration in the institute, water moves out of the key vacuoles and cytoplasm and into the soil. As the central vacuole shrinks, it leaves the prison cell wall unsupported. This loss of support to the cell walls of a institute results in the wilted appearance. Additionally, this fluid has a very bitter gustatory modality, which discourages consumption past insects and animals. The key vacuole also functions to store proteins in developing seed cells.
Extracellular Matrix of Brute Cells
Well-nigh animate being cells release materials into the extracellular infinite. The principal components of these materials are glycoproteins and the protein collagen. Collectively, these materials are called the extracellular matrix (Figure 3.19). Non only does the extracellular matrix hold the cells together to course a tissue, but it also allows the cells within the tissue to communicate with each other.
Blood clotting provides an example of the role of the extracellular matrix in cell communication. When the cells lining a blood vessel are damaged, they display a poly peptide receptor called tissue factor. When tissue factor binds with some other factor in the extracellular matrix, it causes platelets to attach to the wall of the damaged blood vessel, stimulates side by side smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel to contract (thus constricting the blood vessel), and initiates a serial of steps that stimulate the platelets to produce clotting factors.
Intercellular Junctions
Cells can also communicate with each other by direct contact, referred to every bit intercellular junctions. There are some differences in the ways that plant and animal cells do this. Plasmodesmata (singular = plasmodesma) are junctions between found cells, whereas creature prison cell contacts include tight and gap junctions, and desmosomes.
In general, long stretches of the plasma membranes of neighboring plant cells cannot touch one another because they are separated by the cell walls surrounding each cell. Plasmodesmata are numerous channels that pass between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connecting their cytoplasm and enabling bespeak molecules and nutrients to be transported from jail cell to cell (Effigy 3.20a).
A tight junction is a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells (Figure iii.20b). Proteins hold the cells tightly against each other. This tight adhesion prevents materials from leaking betwixt the cells. Tight junctions are typically found in the epithelial tissue that lines internal organs and cavities, and composes well-nigh of the pare. For example, the tight junctions of the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder prevent urine from leaking into the extracellular infinite.
Also plant only in animal cells are desmosomes, which deed similar spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells (Figure 3.twentyc). They continue cells together in a sheet-like formation in organs and tissues that stretch, like the skin, heart, and muscles.
Gap junctions in animal cells are like plasmodesmata in plant cells in that they are channels betwixt adjacent cells that allow for the ship of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate (Figure iii.20d). Structurally, nonetheless, gap junctions and plasmodesmata differ.
Cell Component | Function | Present in Prokaryotes? | Present in Animal Cells? | Present in Plant Cells? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma membrane | Separates cell from external environment; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell | Yes | Yes | Yep |
| Cytoplasm | Provides structure to jail cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are plant | Yeah | Yes | Yes |
| Nucleoid | Location of Dna | Yep | No | No |
| Nucleus | Jail cell organelle that houses Deoxyribonucleic acid and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins | No | Yes | Yes |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Mitochondria | ATP production/cellular respiration | No | Yes | Yes |
| Peroxisomes | Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons | No | Yep | Yep |
| Vesicles and vacuoles | Storage and transport; digestive role in found cells | No | Yeah | Yes |
| Centrosome | Unspecified role in prison cell division in fauna cells; organizing heart of microtubules in animal cells | No | Yes | No |
| Lysosomes | Digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles | No | Yep | No |
| Prison cell wall | Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape | Yes, primarily peptidoglycan in bacteria but not Archaea | No | Yes, primarily cellulose |
| Chloroplasts | Photosynthesis | No | No | Yes |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids | No | Yeah | Yes |
| Golgi appliance | Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins | No | Yes | Yep |
| Cytoskeleton | Maintains cell'southward shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the prison cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently | Yes | Yes | Yeah |
| Flagella | Cellular locomotion | Some | Some | No, except for some institute sperm. |
| Cilia | Cellular locomotion, move of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration | No | Some | No |
Section Summary
Similar a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but a eukaryotic jail cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell, has a true nucleus (meaning its Dna is surrounded by a membrane), and has other membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of functions. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The nucleolus within the nucleus is the site for ribosome assembly. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm or are attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum. They perform poly peptide synthesis. Mitochondria perform cellular respiration and produce ATP. Peroxisomes pause downward fat acids, amino acids, and some toxins. Vesicles and vacuoles are storage and transport compartments. In plant cells, vacuoles also assistance break downwardly macromolecules.
Animal cells likewise have a centrosome and lysosomes. The centrosome has two bodies, the centrioles, with an unknown role in jail cell sectionalization. Lysosomes are the digestive organelles of brute cells.
Plant cells accept a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a cardinal vacuole. The plant cell wall, whose primary component is cellulose, protects the jail cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. The central vacuole expands, enlarging the cell without the need to produce more cytoplasm.
The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, as well as the plasma membrane. These cellular components work together to modify, package, tag, and transport membrane lipids and proteins.
The cytoskeleton has three different types of protein elements. Microfilaments provide rigidity and shape to the prison cell, and facilitate cellular movements. Intermediate filaments acquit tension and ballast the nucleus and other organelles in place. Microtubules help the prison cell resist pinch, serve every bit tracks for motor proteins that motion vesicles through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. They are also the structural elements of centrioles, flagella, and cilia.
Animal cells communicate through their extracellular matrices and are connected to each other past tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Plant cells are connected and communicate with each other by plasmodesmata.
cell wall: a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the prison cell
central vacuole: a big found cell organelle that acts every bit a storage compartment, water reservoir, and site of macromolecule degradation
chloroplast: a plant prison cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
cilium: (plural: cilia) a short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire jail cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell
cytoplasm: the entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
cytoskeleton: the network of protein fibers that collectively maintains the shape of the cell, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move inside the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move
cytosol: the gel-like cloth of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended
desmosome: a linkage betwixt adjacent epithelial cells that forms when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
endomembrane system: the group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and ship lipids and proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (ER): a series of interconnected bleary structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively alter proteins and synthesize lipids
extracellular matrix: the cloth, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together every bit a tissue, allows cells to communicate with each other, and provides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue
flagellum: (plural: flagella) the long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to movement the jail cell
gap junction: a channel betwixt two next animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and other low-molecular weight substances to pass between the cells, enabling the cells to communicate
Golgi apparatus: a eukaryotic organelle made up of a serial of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
lysosome: an organelle in an animal prison cell that functions equally the jail cell's digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
mitochondria: (singular: mitochondrion) the cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the product of ATP, the cell'south chief energy-conveying molecule
nuclear envelope: the double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
nucleolus: the darkly staining trunk inside the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits
nucleus: the prison cell organelle that houses the cell'due south Dna and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
peroxisome: a small-scale, circular organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons
plasma membrane: a phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or fastened (peripheral) proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment
plasmodesma: (plural: plasmodesmata) a aqueduct that passes betwixt the cell walls of next found cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
ribosome: a cellular construction that carries out protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and ecology pollutants, and stores calcium ions
tight junction: a firm seal betwixt ii adjacent animate being cells created past protein adherence
vacuole: a membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that functions in cellular storage and transport
vesicle: a small, membrane-spring sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
Media Attribution
- Figure three.eleven: modification of work by NIGMS, NIH
- Figure 3.13: modification of work by NIH; calibration-bar data from Matt Russell
- Figure iii.14: modification of work by Louisa Howard; scale-bar information from Matt Russell
- Figure 3.16: modification of work by Magnus Manske
- Figure three.17: modification of work by Matthew Britton; scale-bar information from Matt Russell
- Figure 3.20: modification of work past Mariana Ruiz Villareal
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Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/3-3-eukaryotic-cells/
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